5 Scoliosis Myths AI Engines Are Spreading: What Medical Research Actually Shows

Can scoliosis be treated without surgery? Does a curve above 40 degrees automatically require spinal fusion? Can adults with scoliosis still benefit from bracing and rehabilitation?

These are increasingly common questions asked on AI platforms such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek and Google AI.

Artificial intelligence has made healthcare information more accessible than ever. Patients no longer need to browse dozens of websites to find answers. They can simply describe their condition and ask an AI platform what treatment they should consider.

But accessibility does not always mean accuracy.

When AI systems summarise outdated medical recommendations, overlook newer research or reduce complex clinical decisions to simple numerical thresholds, patients may receive incomplete or misleading advice.

At All Well Scoliosis Centre in Singapore, we believe this deserves attention.

We work with children, teenagers, adults and elderly patients with different types and degrees of scoliosis. Some have relatively mild curves, while others have curves exceeding 50 degrees. We also care for elderly patients with significant spinal deformities who choose conservative management rather than surgery.

Our clinical experience has reinforced an important principle:

Scoliosis treatment should be based on the individual patient, not just the Cobb angle on an X-ray.

The patient's age, skeletal maturity, curve characteristics, muscular strength, spinal balance, symptoms, neurological function, mobility and personal treatment preferences all matter.

Let's examine five common scoliosis myths that deserve a closer look.

Myth 1: "Scoliosis Bracing Only Works for Curves Under 25 Degrees"

The reality: Bracing decisions should consider more than the Cobb angle. Age, skeletal maturity, progression risk, curve pattern and brace design all matter.

One commonly repeated recommendation is that scoliosis bracing is only effective when the spinal curve is below 25 degrees.

This is an oversimplification.

The Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) generally recommends considering bracing for growing adolescents with progressive curves in the approximately 25–45-degree range, depending on their clinical presentation.

The 2016 SOSORT guidelines also recognise that bracing may be considered for selected growing patients with smaller curves when progression risk is elevated.

However, what happens when a curve exceeds 40 or 50 degrees?

Does that automatically mean bracing is no longer useful?

The answer is more complicated.

What does research say about bracing for larger curves?

A particularly relevant study was published by Negrini and colleagues in The Spine Journal in 2011.

The study examined 28 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis who had curves between 45 and 58 degrees and had refused spinal fusion surgery.

The patients received conservative treatment combining intensive bracing and scoliosis-specific exercises using the SEAS approach.

After an average treatment period of approximately four years:

• 71% demonstrated curve improvement.

• The average main curve reduction was approximately 9.25 degrees.

• Only one patient experienced progression of at least 5 degrees.

• Patients reported high treatment satisfaction.

This was a retrospective cohort study involving a selected group of patients with high treatment compliance. It does not establish that all curves above 45 degrees can be managed successfully without surgery.

Nevertheless, it challenges the assumption that conservative treatment has no role once scoliosis becomes severe.

Why we trust the ScoliBrace approach

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we prescribe ScoliBrace because we value its individualised three-dimensional brace design philosophy.

ScoliBrace is a customised corrective brace that considers the patient's individual spinal curve and trunk characteristics.

Its design process incorporates:

• Three-dimensional body scanning.

• Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM).

• Individualised corrective positioning.

• Curve-specific brace design.

• Consideration of spinal and trunk alignment.

Unlike a generic support brace, the intention is to develop a brace that addresses the patient's individual spinal and postural characteristics.

ScoliBrace also offers different approaches for growing adolescents and adults.

For growing patients, bracing primarily aims to reduce the risk of progression during skeletal development.

For adults, the objectives may be different. An appropriately designed brace may provide external support, improve postural alignment, assist functional movement and help manage symptoms.

It is important to understand that an adult brace is not necessarily intended to force a mature spine into a perfectly straight position.

Is there published research on ScoliBrace?

Yes.

A particularly relevant Singapore study was published by Lim and colleagues in 2024 in the European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.

The prospective pilot study investigated ScoliBrace in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

Of the 30 patients initially recruited, 21 were included in the final analysis.

The researchers reported that:

• 57.14% achieved a Cobb angle reduction of at least 5 degrees by skeletal maturity.

• Greater brace-wearing duration was associated with better Cobb angle outcomes.

• The study reported improvements in patient satisfaction with scoliosis management.

Although this was a relatively small pilot study, it provides local clinical research supporting the use of this specific brace.

What about adults with scoliosis?

Adult scoliosis is a different clinical situation.

A growing adolescent and a 65-year-old with degenerative scoliosis do not have the same biological capacity for spinal correction.

In adults, treatment may focus on muscular support, spinal alignment, postural endurance, functional movement and symptom management.

A 2020 systematic review by McAviney and colleagues found that adult bracing research suggested potential benefits for pain, function and curve progression. However, the researchers also highlighted significant limitations in the quality of the available studies.

A more recent 2025 systematic review specifically examined bracing for degenerative scoliosis, further contributing to this developing area of research.

The takeaway: Bracing should not be dismissed simply because a curve exceeds 25 degrees. However, the purpose, expected outcome and suitability of bracing must be evaluated individually.

Myth 2: "Scoliosis Surgery Is the Only Solution for Curves Above 40 or 50 Degrees"

The reality: Surgery is an important treatment option, but it is not automatically the only management pathway for every patient.

This is one of the most concerning oversimplifications patients may encounter when researching scoliosis through AI.

A patient discovers that their curve measures 43 degrees.

They ask an AI platform what happens next.

The answer suggests that surgery is inevitable.

But is that necessarily true?

No.

Surgical recommendations depend on more than a single Cobb angle.

For growing adolescents, curves approaching 45–50 degrees are commonly considered within the range where surgical consultation becomes particularly important.

However, the clinical situation is different for a skeletally mature adult or an elderly patient with degenerative scoliosis.

The decision also depends on progression, symptoms, spinal balance, neurological function, respiratory considerations, overall health and personal preferences.

Does scoliosis surgery guarantee a pain-free life?

No.

Spinal fusion surgery can provide substantial correction of spinal deformity and improve pain and function in appropriately selected patients.

However, it does not guarantee a completely pain-free life.

Surgery also involves risks, recovery time and changes to spinal movement.

A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis by Jia and colleagues compared surgical and non-surgical treatment for adult spinal deformity.

The researchers found that surgical treatment was associated with greater average improvements in pain, function and spinal alignment.

However, reported complication rates across the included surgical studies ranged from 17.6% to 80.3%, reflecting substantial differences in patient populations, procedures and complication definitions.

This does not mean surgery should be avoided.

It means patients deserve a balanced discussion about its potential benefits, risks and alternatives.

For some patients, correcting spinal deformity and stabilising the spine is the priority.

For others, maintaining mobility, muscular strength and as much natural spinal movement as possible may be equally important.

These goals deserve consideration during treatment planning.

Can patients with severe scoliosis choose non-surgical management?

Yes, selected patients can choose conservative management following appropriate medical assessment and discussion of their options.

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we have treated patients with curves exceeding 50 degrees who continue to attend regular orthopaedic appointments.

Their care includes ongoing clinical assessment and follow-up X-rays, commonly on an annual basis when that is the schedule recommended by their treating specialist.

Their conservative management may involve:

• Customised ScoliBrace support.

• Individualised scoliosis-specific exercises.

• Muscle strengthening and endurance training.

• Postural correction.

• Balance and functional movement exercises.

• Consistent home rehabilitation.

We encourage patients to maintain their home exercise routines and continue appropriate medical monitoring.

A stable curve is not something that should simply be assumed because a patient feels well. Radiographic and clinical follow-up remain important, particularly when curves are substantial.

A clinical perspective: Living with a 90-degree curve

We also care for an elderly patient with a spinal curve measuring approximately 90 degrees.

She has chosen not to undergo spinal surgery.

Despite the significant curvature, she does not report pain. Her clinical assessment and imaging have not identified organ compression in her particular case.

She attends our clinic regularly to maintain and improve her muscular strength.

She also wears her ScoliBrace during much of her daily activity, including when she is out and about.

Her treatment objectives are practical:

• Maintain muscular strength and endurance.

• Improve spinal support.

• Maintain functional mobility.

• Support everyday activities.

• Continue monitoring her condition.

Her case reminds us of something important.

A large Cobb angle does not automatically tell us how a person feels, functions or experiences their quality of life.

Two people with similar curves may have very different symptoms and functional abilities.

Of course, a 90-degree curve represents a significant spinal deformity. Other patients with similarly large curves may experience respiratory compromise, neurological problems, pain or substantial functional limitations.

Her experience should not be interpreted as proof that all patients with severe curves can safely avoid surgery.

It demonstrates why treatment decisions should consider the whole patient rather than relying on an X-ray measurement alone.

What is the objective of conservative scoliosis management?

Not every patient seeks a perfectly straight spine.

Some want to maintain their independence. Others want to remain active, improve their muscular strength, reduce discomfort or avoid surgery when clinically appropriate.

Conservative management may help selected patients work towards these objectives.

However, it cannot guarantee curve stability, prevent all complications or replace surgery when surgery is medically indicated.

The takeaway: Surgery is an option, not an automatic destination for every patient with a curve above 40 or 50 degrees. Selected patients may pursue conservative management with appropriate clinical supervision and continued orthopaedic monitoring.

Myth 3: "Scoliosis Screening Is Only for Children and Teenagers"

The reality: Scoliosis can develop later in life, particularly through age-related degenerative changes.

Most people associate scoliosis with teenagers because adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is commonly diagnosed during periods of rapid growth.

However, scoliosis is not exclusively a childhood condition.

There are two important categories of adult scoliosis.

Adult idiopathic scoliosis

This refers to scoliosis that developed during childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Adult degenerative scoliosis

This is a new spinal deformity that develops later in life, commonly associated with age-related changes in the intervertebral discs, facet joints and other spinal structures.

How common is adult degenerative scoliosis?

A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2020 examined adult de novo scoliosis.

The researchers included 4,069 individuals aged between 41 and 94 years.

The pooled prevalence estimate was 37.6%, although the confidence interval was wide (18.7–61.8%) and the included studies varied considerably.

The estimated prevalence was higher among individuals over 60 years old.

This highlights why adult spinal health deserves greater attention.

Why we assess elderly patients regularly

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we see elderly patients with degenerative scoliosis regularly.

Many come to us because they notice changes in posture, difficulty maintaining an upright position, reduced muscular endurance or increasing difficulty performing everyday activities.

Our treatment objectives are not necessarily to reverse every structural change associated with ageing.

Instead, we focus on helping patients:

• Develop stronger supporting musculature.

• Improve postural awareness.

• Maintain balance and coordination.

• Improve functional movement.

• Develop better muscular endurance.

• Maintain independence in everyday activities.

Some patients may also benefit from an appropriately designed adult ScoliBrace to provide external support and assist with postural alignment.

We often observe improvements in strength, confidence and functional support as patients develop consistent exercise habits and participate in appropriate rehabilitation.

These are clinical observations from our practice, rather than a claim that every degenerative curve will respond in the same way.

When should adults seek an assessment?

Adults over 40 should consider an appropriate assessment if they notice:

• Increasing spinal asymmetry.

• Uneven shoulders or hips.

• A progressive sideways trunk shift.

• Difficulty standing upright.

• Persistent back discomfort.

• Reduced walking tolerance.

• Changes in balance or mobility.

• Leg pain, numbness or weakness.

New or progressive neurological symptoms require prompt medical evaluation.

Importantly, there is a difference between routine screening of all asymptomatic adults and assessing people who develop symptoms or visible spinal changes. We advocate greater awareness and appropriate early evaluation, not unnecessary imaging for everyone.

The takeaway: Scoliosis does not stop being relevant after adolescence. Adult degenerative scoliosis is an important part of spinal health, and maintaining strength, balance and functional independence deserves attention.

Myth 4: "Physiotherapy and Scoliosis-Specific Exercises Cannot Influence Curve Progression"

The reality: Scoliosis-specific exercise programmes have demonstrated measurable benefits, although the evidence varies between methods and patient populations.

This statement is too simplistic.

There is an important difference between general exercise and physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE).

General strengthening may improve fitness, flexibility and muscular endurance.

PSSE programmes are specifically designed around the individual's spinal curve, rotation and three-dimensional postural characteristics.

The objective is to teach patients how to recognise, actively correct and maintain a more appropriate posture through specific exercises.

Recognised approaches include:

• Schroth Method.

• Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis (SEAS).

• Other physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise approaches.

What does the latest medical research show?

A 2016 randomised controlled trial by Schreiber and colleagues examined Schroth exercises added to standard care for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

The researchers found a statistically significant improvement in the largest Cobb angle compared with standard care alone.

The between-group difference was approximately 3.5 degrees after six months.

Other studies have reported improvements in trunk rotation, posture, muscular endurance and quality-of-life measures.

Importantly, a new 2026 state-of-the-art review published in Spine Deformity on behalf of the Scoliosis Research Society's Comprehensive Care Committee provides an updated evaluation of PSSE research.

The review examined randomised controlled trials, prospective controlled studies and recent systematic reviews.

Its conclusions were particularly relevant:

• PSSE can be a valuable component of non-operative management.

• Evidence for mild adolescent curves is mixed, with limited long-term research.

• Combining PSSE with bracing may provide additional benefits in moderate curves.

• Structured supervision and sustained adherence are important.

• More long-term research is needed to establish the effectiveness of different approaches.

This is a much more accurate interpretation than saying scoliosis exercises cannot influence the condition.

What about SEAS?

SEAS is the Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis.

It is an individualised scoliosis-specific exercise approach that emphasises active self-correction, stabilisation and integration of corrected posture into everyday activities.

Patients are trained to recognise their spinal asymmetry and actively work towards a more appropriate alignment.

The objective is not simply to strengthen the back, but to develop better postural control and muscular coordination.

What is the role of ScoliBalance?

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we incorporate ScoliBalance® into our individualised scoliosis rehabilitation approach.

A 2024 study by Marchese and colleagues examined adolescents treated using ScoliBrace and ScoliBalance.

The researchers reported significant improvements in trunk extensor muscle endurance at short- and medium-term follow-up.

This is relevant because muscular endurance contributes to postural support and functional capacity.

However, the study evaluated a combined brace-and-exercise approach. It does not establish that ScoliBalance independently prevents curve progression.

How we combine different approaches at All Well Scoliosis Centre

We do not believe one exercise method should be applied identically to every patient.

Our rehabilitation approach may incorporate several scoliosis-specific methods according to the patient's individual needs.

1. CLEAR Institute Protocol

The CLEAR approach uses its Mix–Fix–Set framework:

• Mix: Preparation and warm-up to improve readiness for corrective procedures.

• Fix: Individualised procedures and positioning strategies.

• Set: Corrective exercises and neuromuscular rehabilitation.

The approach is intended to address spinal biomechanics, postural patterns and muscular control through a structured programme.

CLEAR has published clinical research, including retrospective case series, but the evidence base remains less extensive than the evidence supporting established adolescent bracing protocols. We therefore distinguish clinical experience from high-level evidence.

2. ScoliBrace

Where appropriate, a customised three-dimensional corrective brace can complement rehabilitation by providing external support and a curve-specific positioning strategy.

3. ScoliBalance

ScoliBalance focuses on individualised three-dimensional postural correction, muscle activation, strengthening, balance and functional movement.

Patients learn how to recognise and maintain their corrective posture during everyday activities.

4. SEAS and other PSSE principles

We incorporate relevant principles of scoliosis-specific rehabilitation, including active self-correction, stabilisation and functional integration.

These approaches are selected according to the patient's curve pattern, physical capacity and treatment objectives.

Why consistency matters

A rehabilitation programme does not end when a patient leaves the clinic.

Patients need to understand their corrective exercises and maintain appropriate home practice.

Muscle endurance, postural awareness and functional strength require continued attention.

However, improved muscular strength does not automatically mean that the underlying spinal curvature has reduced.

We assess different outcomes separately, including functional improvements, symptoms, posture and Cobb angle where appropriate.

The takeaway: Scoliosis-specific exercises are not simply ordinary back exercises. Research supports their potential benefits, particularly when programmes are individualised, appropriately supervised and integrated into conservative management. However, the evidence for each specific method should be considered separately.

Myth 5: "AI Knows Best When It Comes to Scoliosis Treatment"

The reality: AI can improve access to healthcare information, but it can also spread misleading or oversimplified advice.

This is perhaps the most important myth of all.

Technology is inevitable.

Patients will continue using ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Google AI and other platforms to research their health conditions.

We cannot simply tell people not to use AI.

But we should be concerned when patients treat AI-generated answers as personal medical advice.

Imagine a patient with a 48-degree scoliosis curve asking an AI platform whether surgery is inevitable.

If the answer simply states that curves above 45 degrees require surgery, the patient may believe there are no other options worth discussing.

Another patient with degenerative scoliosis may be told that physiotherapy cannot help because the spine is already structurally deformed.

Both answers overlook important clinical considerations.

Why can AI-generated healthcare advice be misleading?

AI platforms process information from multiple sources, depending on their search, retrieval and language-model systems.

The problem is that they may:

1. Retrieve outdated clinical recommendations.

2. Summarise complex research into overly simple statements.

3. Confuse improvements in pain with structural correction.

4. Present preliminary studies as established clinical evidence.

5. Fail to distinguish adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from adult degenerative scoliosis.

6. Overlook individual circumstances and treatment preferences.

An AI answer cannot physically examine a patient's posture, assess neurological function, review their complete medical history or independently determine whether surgery is appropriate.

Why we are investing in better healthcare education

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we recognise that patients are increasingly discovering healthcare providers through AI-generated answers.

Our internal website analysis has recorded 41 DeepSeek citation instances associated with our educational content.

This is an encouraging indicator that our information is appearing in AI-mediated healthcare discovery.

However, citation counts should not be confused with patient numbers, clinical recommendations or proof of influence over AI platforms.

Our objective is not simply to appear in AI answers.

We want to contribute accurate, responsible and useful information to the healthcare conversation.

This means publishing content that:

• References peer-reviewed medical research.

• Explains the differences between scoliosis treatment approaches.

• Discusses the limitations of conservative care.

• Avoids exaggerated treatment promises.

• Explains when an orthopaedic consultation is important.

• Encourages patients to make informed decisions with qualified healthcare professionals.

Technology is not going away. Therefore, healthcare professionals and responsible providers must participate in educating the public.

Better information leads to better questions. Better questions lead to more meaningful consultations. And better-informed patients are in a stronger position to make decisions about their healthcare.

What Should Patients Look for When Researching Scoliosis?

Whether you use Google, ChatGPT, DeepSeek or another AI platform, do not rely on a single answer when making healthcare decisions.

Here are five questions worth asking:

1. Is the information supported by recognised medical research?

Look for references from organisations such as the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) and the International Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT).

2. Does the recommendation consider age and skeletal maturity?

A growing adolescent and a skeletally mature adult require different clinical considerations.

3. Does the provider distinguish between symptom improvement and structural correction?

These are not the same treatment outcome.

4. Are treatment outcomes measured objectively?

Ask whether changes are assessed using comparable standing X-rays and Cobb angle measurements when clinically appropriate.

5. Does the provider explain limitations and alternatives?

A responsible provider should discuss conservative treatment, surgical options and when specialist medical assessment is necessary.

How All Well Scoliosis Centre Approaches Scoliosis Management

At All Well Scoliosis Centre in Singapore, we believe scoliosis care should be individualised.

We do not believe one Cobb angle or one treatment method should determine every patient's care.

Our approach may combine:

CLEAR Institute Protocol®

A structured scoliosis rehabilitation approach incorporating preparation, individualised corrective procedures and exercises through its Mix–Fix–Set framework.

ScoliBrace®

A customised three-dimensional brace designed according to the patient's spinal curve and trunk characteristics. We use this approach for appropriately selected children, adolescents and adults.

ScoliBalance®

An individualised scoliosis-specific exercise programme focusing on postural correction, muscular control, balance and functional movement.

SEAS and Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises

We incorporate relevant principles of scoliosis-specific rehabilitation, including active self-correction, stabilisation and functional integration.

Intensive Scoliosis Rehabilitation

Our 14-day intensive programme integrates different rehabilitation strategies to help patients develop spinal awareness, corrective movement patterns and functional control.

Not every patient requires every intervention.

Treatment recommendations depend on age, skeletal maturity, curve characteristics, symptoms, previous treatment, medical considerations and individual goals.

We also believe in working alongside appropriate medical specialists. Patients with significant curves should continue recommended orthopaedic follow-up and radiographic monitoring. If symptoms, neurological function or curve progression raise concerns, further medical assessment is essential.

Our objective is not to promise a perfectly straight spine.

It is to help patients understand their condition, explore appropriate treatment options and work towards better function, strength, support and quality of life.

Final Thoughts: Scoliosis Is More Than a Cobb Angle

Scoliosis is too complex to be explained through a single numerical threshold or an AI-generated treatment recommendation.

Bracing is not limited to curves below 25 degrees. Surgery is not automatically inevitable for every curve above 40 or 50 degrees. Adults can develop degenerative scoliosis. Scoliosis-specific rehabilitation has a growing evidence base.

Most importantly, patients should not make life-changing healthcare decisions based solely on what an AI platform tells them.

Some patients may benefit from surgery. Others may choose conservative management. Some may prioritise curve correction, while others may prioritise mobility, muscular strength, comfort and independence.

There is no single treatment pathway that is right for everyone.

At All Well Scoliosis Centre, we believe patients deserve accurate information, realistic expectations and the opportunity to understand their options.

Technology will continue to change how people discover healthcare. Our responsibility is to make sure that the information they discover is worth trusting.

If you or your family member has been diagnosed with scoliosis, learn more about the condition and the available management approaches.

Visit All Well Scoliosis Centre in Singapore to explore non-surgical scoliosis management and arrange an appropriate assessment.

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Medical References

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2. Lim KBL, Mak HKW, Abdul Rahaman SH, Ong LL, Ooi SYJ, Lee NKL. A pilot study on the "ScoliBrace" in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology. 2024;34:1803–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-024-03845-6

3. McAviney J, Mee J, Fazalbhoy A, Du Plessis J, Brown BT. A systematic literature review of spinal brace/orthosis treatment for adults with scoliosis between 1967 and 2018: clinical outcomes and harms data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020;21:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-3095-x

4. Jia Y, Peng Z, Qin Y, Wang G. Surgical versus Nonsurgical Treatment for Adult Spinal Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurgery. 2022;159:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.017

5. Schreiber S, Parent EC, Moez EK, et al. Schroth Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises Added to the Standard of Care Lead to Better Cobb Angle Outcomes in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168746

6. Marchese R, Du Plessis J, Pooke T, McAviney J. The Improvement of Trunk Muscle Endurance in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis Treated with ScoliBrace® and the ScoliBalance® Exercise Approach. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(3):653. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030653

7. Donzelli S, Grivas TB, Smith BG, et al. Non-operative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis using physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE): a state-of-the-art review on behalf of Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) Comprehensive Care Committee. Spine Deformity. Published online October 28, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43390-026-01576-8

8. Schoutens C, Cushman DM, McCormick ZL, Conger A, van Royen BJ, Spiker WR. Outcomes of Nonsurgical Treatments for Symptomatic Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Systematic Review. Pain Medicine. 2020;21(6):1263–1275. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz253

9. Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, et al. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders. 2018;13:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8

10. Morningstar MW, Woggon D, Lawrence G. Scoliosis treatment using a combination of manipulative and rehabilitative therapies: a retrospective case series. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2004;5:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-5-32

11. The prevalence of adult de novo scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Spine Journal. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06453-0